What Polaroid Camera Was Made For Kids In 1999?

Type of camera whose film self-develops a short time afterward the picture is taken

An instant photographic camera is a camera which uses self-developing moving-picture show to create a chemically developed print soon later taking the motion-picture show. Polaroid Corporation pioneered (and patented) consumer-friendly instant cameras and film, and were followed by various other manufacturers.

The invention of commercially feasible instant cameras which were easy to use is mostly credited to American scientist Edwin Country, who unveiled the first commercial instant photographic camera, the model 95 Land Camera, in 1948,^[1] a twelvemonth subsequently he unveiled instant film in New York City.

In February 2008, Polaroid filed for Chapter eleven defalcation protection for the second fourth dimension and announced it would discontinue production of its instant films and cameras, shut down three manufacturing facilities, and lay off 450 workers.^[2] Sales of analog film past all makers dropped by at to the lowest degree 25% per year in the commencement decade of the 21st century. In 2009, Polaroid was acquired by PLR IP Holdings LLC, which uses the Polaroid make to marketplace various products frequently relating to instant cameras. Amid the products it markets are a Polaroid branded Fuji Instax instant camera, and various digital cameras and portable printers.

As of 2017^[update], film continues to be made by the Polaroid Originals (previously the Impossible Project) for several models of Polaroid camera, and for the eight×10 inch format.^[3] Other brands such as Lomography, Leica, Fujifilm, and others have designed new models and features in their own takes on instant cameras.

Cameras and motion picture [edit]

Polaroid Model 95, the company'southward first instant photographic camera introduced in 1948

Many unlike models of Polaroid and not-Polaroid instant cameras were introduced in the mid to belatedly 20th century. They tin be categorized by the film blazon.

Roll picture [edit]

The first roll flick camera was the Polaroid Model 95, followed by subsequent models containing diverse new features. Roll film came in two rolls (positive/developing amanuensis and negative) which were loaded into the camera and was eventually offered in iii sizes (40, xxx, and xx series).

Pack film [edit]

Polaroid Automated 350, made from 1969 to 1971

The first 100 serial pack film model was the model 100, followed by various models in the 100 - 400 serial and a few ad hoc cameras such as the countdown series.^{[ vague ]} The adjacent generation of Polaroid cameras used 100 series "pack film," where the photographer pulled the film out of the camera, then peeled apart the positive from the negative at the end of the developing process. Pack film initially was offered in a rectangular format (100 serial), so in foursquare format (fourscore serial).

Integral film [edit]

Models which used SX-70 film were introduced in a folding version, with subsequently versions being solid plastic bodied. Third generation Polaroids, like the one time pop SX-lxx, used a foursquare format integral motion-picture show, in which all components of the film (negative, developer, fixer, etc.) were contained. The SX-70 instant camera used the print engineering that Edwin Land had most desired.^[4] It introduced the employ of more efficient print technology that adult more instantly than previous picture show types offered, which cut out some of the user'due south responsibility and made information technology easier to use.^[4] Each exposure developed automatically one time the shot was taken. SX-lxx (or Time Zippo^{[ vague ]}) picture had a strong post-obit with artists who used information technology for image manipulation.^{[ commendation needed ]} 600 serial cameras such every bit the Pronto, Sun 600, and One600 used 600 blazon moving picture which was iv times faster than SX-70 film. 600 series cameras were almost all plastic bodied, except for the SLR 680 and 690 models, which resembled SX-seventy type cameras, but well-nigh came with an electronic wink.

Spectra, Captiva, and i-Zone picture show [edit]

This was followed past other various plastic cameras based on Spectra, Captiva, and i-Zone moving picture. Polaroid Spectra cameras used Polaroid Spectra picture show which went dorsum to a rectangular format. Captiva, Joycam, and Popshots (single use) cameras used a smaller 500 series picture show in rectangular format. i-Zone cameras use a very small movie format which was offered in a sticker format. Finally, Mio cameras used Polaroid Mio film which was Fuji Instax mini, branded equally Polaroid and which is still available in 2015 as Fuji Instax Mini. This size produces a billfold sized photo. Polaroid still markets a mini format camera congenital past Fuji branded as Polaroid 300 and the film is available with both the Polaroid name and as Fuji Instax mini which are interchangeable.

Polaroid instant movie cameras [edit]

Polaroid also invented and manufactured an instant moving picture camera arrangement called Polavision. The kit included a camera, film, and a movie viewer. When the movie was shot, it would be taken out of the photographic camera and and so inserted into the viewer for development, and then viewed later on development. This format was close to Super 8 mm film. Polavision motion picture was different from normal picture in that it was an additive movie, mixing the primary colors (reddish, green, blue) to form the colour image. The biggest disadvantage of the Polavision system was the low film speed (ASA 40),^{[ citation needed ]} which resulted in having to utilize very brilliant lights when taking the motion-picture show, also as requiring a special role player to view the developed movie. It also lacked audio capability. Because of this, and combined with the advent of VHS video recorders, Polavision had a short history.

Types of non-Polaroid instant cameras [edit]

Fujifilm FP-14, a passport photographic camera intended to produce four photo portraits of the same subject simultaneously

The earliest instant cameras were conceived before Edwin Country's invention of the instant photographic camera. These cameras were, however, more than portable wet darkrooms than "instant" camera and were difficult to use.

After Land's instant camera invention was brought to marketplace in 1948, a few different instant cameras were adult, some using Polaroid-compatible moving picture such as cameras past Keystone, Konica, and Minolta. Others were incompatible with Polaroid cameras and moving picture, the well-nigh notable of these being made by Kodak, such every bit the EK series and Kodamatic cameras.

Later on, Fujifilm introduced instant cameras and film in selected markets. After taking over an old Polaroid mill in 2008, the Netherlands-based Impossible Project began producing instant film for Polaroid cameras. This helped generate new interest in instant photography.^[5]

Kodak (EK and Kodamatic) [edit]

Kodak'southward EK and Kodamatic series cameras were introduced in 1976,^[6] and accepted a Kodak adult integral instant moving-picture show, similar to only incompatible with Polaroid's SX-lxx film. The picture was chemically like to Polaroid's with the exception that the negative was exposed from the rear and the dye/developers diffused to the front of the photograph. This alleviated the need for a mirror to reverse the image before it struck the negative.

Even so, Polaroid brought a patent-infringement lawsuit against Kodak, and eventually Kodak was forced to finish industry of both the camera and film.^[7] Kodak was as well left to pay a settlement to some customers who were left without a way to employ their now defunct cameras. Ane settlement offered owners of Kodak instant cameras a credit towards a new Kodak camera. Many Kodak instant cameras nonetheless be and tin can be found on auction sites. Kodak likewise lost the contract to manufacture Polaroid's negatives which subsequently took product in firm. Recently photographers tried to use Instax mini and square movie inside the Kodak EK4 being somewhat successful and only existence able to load ane picture at a time in a darkroom.

Fujifilm Instax 500AF photographic camera

Fujifilm Instax Mini 50S camera

Fujifilm [edit]

In more than recent years, Fujifilm introduced a line of instant cameras and film in Japanese and Asian markets. Fujifilm called their instant camera line Fotorama. Starting in the early on 1980s the F series of cameras include the F-10, F-50S and F-62AF. In the mid-1980s it introduced the 800 series with models such equally the MX800, 850E, and Mr Handy collapsible. The ACE cameras were introduced in the mid-1990s with film identical to the 800 pic but with a different cartridge. The integral films are based on the Kodak line of instant camera films. The instant films FI-10/PI-800/ACE series are somewhat compatible with the Kodak line of instant cameras, with small modifications to the cartridge to get in fit. The F series film was discontinued in 1994 but similar modifications on more recent Instax film tin be fabricated to fit in the older cartridges.

Fujifilm was one of the beginning manufacturers who added different shooting modes to Polaroid cameras. "Kid fashion"^[8] for case, will shoot photos at a faster shutter speed for capturing fast moving objects or people. Fujifilm subsequently introduced Instax Mini viii and advertised as the "cutest camera" targeting immature women and girls. Shortly later on, they introduced Instax Mini 90 and Instax mini 70, Targeting heart-aged men with the new sleek and classic pattern. [1]

In the late 1990s Fujifilm introduced a new series of cameras using a new moving picture chosen Instax information technology was available in markets outside the US. Instax became available in a smaller size with the introduction of the Instax Mini/Cheki line. Polaroid's Mio was bachelor in the United states of america, it uses the same film as the Fujifilm Instax Mini series only were rebranded as Mio moving-picture show. This was too true of the Polaroid 300, and this motion picture is nevertheless being sold. None of Fujifilm's products were sold officially in the United States originally. With the announcement in 2008 of Polaroid ceasing pic product, Instax and pare apart type films became available in more channels. Fuji ended product of peel-autonomously films in 2016, FP-100C beingness the last such product from them.

Polaroid Originals [edit]

As noted above, Polaroid Originals (previously the Impossible Project) produces instant moving-picture show for Polaroid cameras. In spring 2016, every bit Impossible Project they released their own instant camera, the Incommunicable I-ane that uses the company's 600-type and I-Type films.^[9] In September 2017, now renamed Polaroid Originals, it appear the Polaroid OneStep 2 that also uses its 600-type and I-Type films.^{[10] [11] [12]}

MiNT Camera [edit]

In 2015, MiNT Camera released the InstantFlex TL70, a vintage twin-lens reflex-looking instant photographic camera that uses Fuji Instax Mini movie instead of SX-70 motion picture. ^[xiii]

In 2016, it launched the SLR670-S. Information technology has the expect of a Polaroid SX-lxx, merely with an ISO 640 arrangement and manual shutter options. These are built from vintage cameras with new electronics.

In 2019, it introduced the InstantKon RF70, a rangefinder camera that uses Fuji instax wide film. Two years afterwards in 2021, it introduced another rangefinder photographic camera, the InstantKon SF70, that uses Fuji instax square film.

Lomography [edit]

In 2014, Lomography funded the creation of a new instant photographic camera, the Lomo'Instant, by raising over US $ane,000,000 on Kickstarter. Like Fujifilm's Instax Mini camera, the Lomo'Instant uses Instax Mini moving picture.^[14]

The following year, the company released the Lomo'Instant Wide, a variation on the original Lomo'Instant which shot larger photos using Fujifilm'due south Instax Wide pic. These images are more similar in size to original Polaroid film.^[fifteen]

In the summer of 2016, Lomography appear the development of a new instant camera. Chosen the Lomo'Instant Automat, Lomography describes it as "the nigh avant-garde automatic instant camera."^[16]

In August 2017, Lomography released the Lomo'Instant Square Glass. It takes 86mm x 72mm photographs and is the "world's start dual-format, glass lensed instant camera".

Applications [edit]

Instant cameras accept found many uses throughout their history. The original purpose of instant cameras was motivated by Jennifer Land'south question to her father (Edwin Land): "Why can't I encounter them at present?" Many people have enjoyed seeing their photos shortly after taking them, allowing them to recompose or retake the photo if they didn't get it right. But instant cameras were found to exist useful for other purposes such as ID cards, passport photos, ultrasound photos, and other uses which required an instant photo. They were also used by police officers and fire investigators because of their power to create an unalterable instant photo. Medium and large format professional person photographers have as well used the college end instant cameras to preview lighting before taking the more expensive medium and/or large format photograph. Instant moving-picture show as well has been used in ways that are similar to folk art, including the transfer of the images/emulsion and image manipulation.

Script supervisors in film product used instant cameras (until superseded by digital cameras) as standard to aid visual continuity by photographing actors, sets or props, to take photographs that could be instantly referred to when a item set or character's appearance needs to exist reset and shot again, or recalled later on due to reshoots or the out-of-sequence shooting schedule of a flick or television production.^[17]

The style industry relied upon Polaroid prints as a record of models or potential models.^[18]

Instant photography was also useful in conducting a study near the perception of vehicle accidents.^[19] The instant photos were used to document accidents to bear witness medical professionals the condition of a vehicle after an accident.^[19] Having this visual in turn changed how the medico viewed the blow their patient was in.^[19]

With the advent of digital photography, much of the instant camera's consumer appeal has been transferred to digital cameras. Passport photograph cameras accept gone to digital, leaving instant cameras to a niche market.

Instant Cameras and Society

The introduction of instant camera technologies was important to social club because it allowed for more than creativity amid camera users.^[four] Instead of having to use a darkroom to develop photographs, users were able to explore and document their world and experiences as they occurred.^[four] Instant Camera photography acted as an activity to some of its users.^[4] Instant cameras were portrayed by Polaroid every bit beingness able to combine the activities of both taking a photo and viewing ane, into a atypical by time.^[4]

Taking an instant photograph [edit]

Edwin Land'southward original idea behind instant photography was to create a photographic arrangement that was seamless and easy for anyone to use. The first roll film instant cameras required the photographer to use a calorie-free meter to take a reading of the calorie-free level, then to set the exposure setting on the lens. Then the lens was focused and the subject framed and the picture was taken. The lensman flipped a switch and pulled the large tab in the back of the camera to pull the negative over the positive, through some rollers to spread the developing agent. Afterwards the picture developed inside the camera for the required time, the photographer opened the small door in the camera back and peeled the positive from the negative. To forestall fading, the black and white positive had to exist coated with a fixing agent, a potentially messy process which led to the development of coaterless instant pack film.

Pack motion picture cameras were more often than not equipped with automatic exposure, but nonetheless had to be focused and a flash bulb or cube unit of measurement needed to exist used with colour pic indoors. The development of the flick required the photographer pull 2 tabs, the 2d tab which pulled the positive/negative "sandwich" from the camera, where it developed outside the photographic camera. If the temperature was below 15 °C (sixty °F), the positive/negative "sandwich" was placed between two aluminum plates and placed either in the user's pocket or under their arm to keep it warm while developing. Later the required evolution time (15 seconds to 2 minutes), the positive (with the latent image) was peeled autonomously from the negative.

Integral film cameras, such as the SX-seventy, 600 series, Spectra, and Captiva cameras went a long way in accomplishing Edwin State's goal of creating a seamless process in producing instant photos. The photographer just pointed the camera at the subject, framed information technology and took the photo. The camera and motion-picture show did the rest, including adjusting the exposure settings, taking intendance of focusing (Sonar autofocus models simply), utilising a flash if necessary (600 serial and up), and ejecting the film, which developed without intervention from the photographer. The new design of the frame motion-picture show for the SX-70 cameras immune for their convenient usage.^[iv] With all of the ingredients necessary to develop the photograph in the thicker portion of the frame, the user only has to take the photo to initiate the reaction which provided them their photo.^[4]

Artistic techniques [edit]

Due to the way that instant moving-picture show develops, several techniques to modify or distort the terminal image be, which were utilized by many artists. The 3 master techniques used are SX-seventy manipulation, emulsion elevator, and Image transfer. SX-70 manipulation is used with SX-seventy Time Zero picture show and it allows the photographer to describe on or distort an epitome by applying pressure to it while information technology's developing. With an emulsion lift, it is possible to carve up the image from the medium it developed on, and transfer it to a dissimilar one. Image transfers are used with skin-apart movie, like packfilm, to develop the instant epitome into a different material past peeling the flick too early and adhering the negative onto the desired material. Polaroid encouraged the employ of these techniques past producing videos well-nigh them.^{[20] [21] [22]}

The artist Lucas Samaras, for case, was among the commencement to modify the images taken with the Polaroid SX-70 through the "Polaroid transfer". Thus, he developed the series "autoentrevistas", a set of cocky-portraits in which he takes the place of a model in different circumstances.

John Reuter, the director of the Polaroid 20×24 camera studio, for years experimented with snapshot transfers.

Andy Warhol too made use of instant cameras. Warhol began taking snapshots to utilise as sketches of his pop lithographs. In spite of this, their peculiar vision and the passage of time have turned these Polaroids into famous and interesting photographs from an artistic betoken of view. In addition, they are also role of pop art or pop culture.^[23]

References [edit]

1. ^ "Polaroid Wins Patent Arrange Confronting Kodak". Mass Humanities. Archived from the original on 2019-02-04. Retrieved 2019-09-xiii .
2. ^ Graham, David (Apr 3, 2008). "Developing into a thing of the past". Toronto Star.
3. ^ Impossible Projection
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f grand h} Buse, Peter (2010-04-01). "Polaroid into digital: Engineering science, cultural grade, and the social practices of snapshot photography" (PDF). Continuum. 24 (2): 215–230. doi:10.1080/10304310903363864. ISSN 1030-4312. S2CID 145078167.
5. ^ Rushe, Elizabeth. "The Futurity of Instant Cameras is Incommunicable". Format Magazine. Format. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
6. ^ Ortner, Everett H. (1976). "Kodak's Instant Motion-picture show Camera". Popular Science . Retrieved ten Feb 2020.
7. ^ "Kodak's instant-picture camera" Popular Science, July 1976, pp. 54.
8. ^ "Kid way"
9. ^ Coldewey, Devin. "Analog photography lives! The Incommunicable Project debuts I-1 camera for Polaroid 600-type film". Tech Crunch . Retrieved 20 Dec 2016.
10. ^ "Polaroid lives again with new brand and OneStep ii instant photographic camera" Daven Mathies, Digital Trends, 13 September 2017. Accessed 14 September 2017
11. ^ "The first Polaroid instant photographic camera in a decade is ambrosial" Sean O'Kane, The Verge, 13 September 2017. Accessed 14 September 2017
12. ^ "Polaroid Originals Launches with New OneStep 2 Photographic camera and i-Type Moving picture" Michael Zhang, Petapixel, 13 September 2017. Accessed 14 September 2017
13. ^ "Mint InstantFlex TL70".
14. ^ Seifert, Dan (2014-05-27). "Lomography introduces its start instant camera". The Verge . Retrieved xx Dec 2016.
15. ^ Blackmore Evans, Jill. "Review: Lomography's Lomo'Instant Broad for Instax Moving-picture show is Addictive". Format Mag. Format. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
16. ^ Zhang, Michael. "Lomo'Instant Automat Aims to Be an Ultimate Machine Instant Camera". PetaPixel . Retrieved 20 December 2016.
17. ^ Miller, P (1999). Script Supervising and Moving-picture show Continuity (Third ed.). Focal Press. p. 5. ISBN978-0240802947.
18. ^ Fashion Manufacture Mourns Last Season of Polaroid , retrieved 2020-07-09
19. ^ ^{a b c} Dickinson, Edward T.; O'Connor, Robert E.; Krett, Richard D. (1997-01-01). "The touch of prehospital instant photography of motor vehicle crashes on receiving dr. perception". Prehospital Emergency Care. 1 (ii): 76–79. doi:10.1080/10903129708958792. ISSN 1090-3127. PMID 9709342.
20. ^ "Polaroid SX-70 Manipulation Demo". Archived from the original on 2014-05-25. Retrieved 2019-xi-06 .
21. ^ Polaroid Emulsion Transfer / Lift Demo, archived from the original on 2014-05-25, retrieved 2019-xi-06
22. ^ Polaroid Image Transfer Demo, archived from the original on 2014-05-25, retrieved 2019-11-06
23. ^ "The Big Shot Polaroid – Andy Warhol's Pen & Pencil". Coincidental Photophile. 2019-04-29. Retrieved 2019-11-06 .

External links [edit]

• Polaroid Official Website
• The "new" Polaroid Cube official website (polaroidcube.com)
• The Land Listing, a list of Polaroid cameras and FAQs
• Jim's Polaroid camera collection, a private pack film collection with information virtually pack moving picture and Polaroid history
• History of polaroid
• "The Polaroid genius who re-imagined the way nosotros take photos" (video). Instant: The Story of Polaroid, author Christopher Bonanos compares the visitor's dynamic founder, Edwin Country, with Apple's iconic inventor, Steve Jobs. BBC News Online. 2013-01-23. Retrieved 2013-01-26 .
• Kodak Website: Instant Print Photographic camera Page

Patents [edit]

• U.S. Patent 1,559,795
• U.South. Patent 2,435,720 – Apparatus for exposing and processing photographic film

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_camera

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